Lab:  Finding Complete Graphs of Polynomial Functions

Purpose:  To find a “complete” graph of a polynomial. 

Method:  We will learn how to set proper viewing windows in order to find a complete graph of a polynomial. 

Notation:  For notation purposes, we will write x-min and x-max as closed intervals followed by y-min and ­y-max written as a closed interval, with the symbol “x” to represent the word “by” in between the two intervals.  So, for example,

Reminisce:  About polynomial functions. 

Next, we need to decide how we view the polynomial.  Do we want to see the overall behavior of the graph, the global view (like trying to find your house on the map of Arizona) or do we want to see all of the minor details, the complete view (lie trying to find your house on a map of the city in which you reside).  So, we need to differentiate between a global view of a polynomial and a local (or complete) view. 

·        The global view of the polynomial highlights the long range ‘end’ behavior of the graph.

·        The local view, though, is different.  It will highlight local maximum and minimum values, the local extrema.  The graph of this view will be referred to as the “complete” graph.

For example, consider

The global view of                The complete view of

when viewed in a standard window                   when viewed in the smaller window

[-10, 10] x [-10, 10].                                       [- 1.5, 1.5] x [- 0.05, 0.05].

 

           

Note that in the global view,                             Note that in the complete view,

we focus on the end behavior,                           we focus on the local extrema,

and notice that as                                              and we zoom in

the x values get larger                           on those values of x

so do the y values                                             where we can identify local max and min pts

Now let’s begin… .

EXAMPLE ONE

Display                                                                       Comments

On the Main Menu of the calculator, we select 5, GRAPH (the Graph Function Menu).

We will graph

Enter the function we are going to graph in Y1=, then hit the blue EXE key

To actually enter the viewing window, select the yellow SHIFT followed by F=3(V-Window).

Now, we will enter the viewing window in two steps.

1)  We will enter the domain by noticing the x-intercepts.  Clearly, if we set each factor equal to zero and solve, we get three   x-intercepts, x = 0, x = 30 and x = 50.  So, let’s graph on a window that is slightly left of x = 0, and slightly right of x = 50.  Set Xmin = -10, and Xmax = 60.  We will count by tens.    

So, enter SHIFT followed by QUIT.

Then F6(DRAW) to graph the window you now have.  Note the Ymin and Ymax, are still set to -10, and 10 respectively.  The resulting graph is neither complete or representative of the global view.  Simply put, just three faint branches appear.  And since we’re graphing a polynomial function, we know the graph should be continuous. 

2)  So, this is all OK. Because now we will allow the calculator to calculate an appropriate range. 

By entering F2(Zoom) and then selecting F5(AUTO), the calculator will compute an appropriate range for the domain you entered.  That is, the calculator will find Ymin and Ymax to fit the domain you entered.  NOTE:  The domain must be entered first to use the ZOOM – AUTO feature.

Clearly we can now see the complete graph.  Glance back at the viewing window. SHIFT, V-Window and observe the range values…. . 

EXAMPLE TWO

Display                                                                       Comments

On the Main Menu of the calculator, we select 5, GRAPH (the Graph Function Menu).

We will graph

Enter the function we are going to graph in Y1=, then hit the blue EXE key

Notice, the function does not appear in the display in it’s entirety.  

To actually enter the viewing window, select the yellow SHIFT followed by F=3(V-Window).

In the first example, we noticed factors, so we began by entering domain values in the viewing window.  Now, we notice the large constant on the end of the function, so unlike the example before, we will first begin by entering the range values. 

Let’s keep Xmin = -10, and Xmax = 10, but we will adjust the range values to include the y-intercept, which is (0,100).

So, we will straddle y = 100 and thus enter range values of Ymin = 0  and Ymax = 200.  To simplify life, we’ll count by tens. 

Now, let’s explore the graph of the function.  So, enter SHIFT followed by QUIT.  Then F6(DRAW) to graph the window you now have.

Notice, it appears from a distance your choice of domain values were both ‘good’ and ‘bad’.  ‘Good’ because that graph contains the end behavior that is typical for cubic polynomials.  But, if you examine the graph closely you see what may resemble a faint horizontal linear portion to the graph.  Since this is a cubic, you know the graph must have curvature to it.  So, this leads us the ‘bad’.   We need to zoom in on the portion of the graph that has this faint misleading linear portion to explore it more closely. 

So, approximate both the x and y values that could serve as a boundary for this faint linear portion. 

Enter these approximate domain and range values in the viewing window. 

Now graph what you just entered. 

Clearly we need to continue to zoom until we see the classical cubic shape. 

We’re playing what is kinda like math’s version of Hide-n-Seek. Find the cubic shape … .

To help us zoom, let’s see if the graph has a local max or min value.  To explore this, enter SHIFT, F5(G-Solv).  Then select either F2(MAX) or F3(MIN)

I selected F2 and found my graph had a local maximum value.

This gives me an idea as to how to revise my window as I continue this “zooming” process.  Let’s zoom further, allowing the x vales to not deviate too far from 0.090 and the y values to not deviate too far from 100.003. 

With successive zooming, we finally settle on a viewing window, as indicated above.  

Once graphed on this window, we can clearly now see the complete graph, the classic cubic shape clearly resonates with it’s unmistakable end behavior. 


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Lab Portion

Directions:  Draw the “complete” graph of each polynomial function and be certain to include the correct viewing window.

1.                 2. 

3.                    4. 

5. 


copyright (c) 2001 Jay Abramson - last update: 12/01/01 sw